Describe the pathophysiology of asthma.

The pathophysiology of asthma centers around inflammation and bronchoconstriction, which are key factors that lead to airflow obstruction. In individuals with asthma, the airways are hyperresponsive to various stimuli, which triggers an inflammatory response. This inflammation causes the airway walls to swell, making them narrower and leading to increased resistance to airflow.

Additionally, bronchoconstriction occurs when the smooth muscles surrounding the airways contract, further limiting airflow. This combination of inflammation and bronchoconstriction results in the classic symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, particularly during an asthma attack or in response to allergens, irritants, or exercise.

By understanding this pathophysiological mechanism, healthcare professionals can better appreciate how asthma medications, such as bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents, work to alleviate these symptoms and improve airflow in patients.