What is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

The leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is smoking. This is primarily because tobacco smoke contains a plethora of harmful substances that cause inflammation and damage to the airways and lung tissue over time. Smoking contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of COPD by promoting chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which are the two main conditions that constitute COPD.

The mechanisms involved in smoking and COPD development include the release of inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress, and the destruction of lung parenchyma, leading to reduced airflow and respiratory symptoms. The relationship between smoking and COPD is well-established, with a high percentage of COPD patients having a history of cigarette smoking.

While other factors such as air pollution, genetic factors, and occupational exposure can contribute to the risk of developing COPD, they are secondary to the primary impact of smoking. In many cases, the interaction of these other factors with smoking can exacerbate the condition but do not serve as the leading cause. Recognizing smoking as the predominant risk factor is vital in addressing prevention and health promotion initiatives aimed at reducing the burden of COPD.